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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)精解 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)
第一章詞類(lèi)第一節(jié)詞類(lèi)
名詞(Noun)
碩士研究生考試有關(guān)名詞的試題主要涉及名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式、集體名詞在數(shù)上的主謂一致和單數(shù)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)及名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形的問(wèn)題。
一、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)
(一)不可數(shù)名詞
a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可數(shù)名詞
例句: The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.
。1995年第14題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that man...navigator是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明one man; who lived...是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,解釋說(shuō)明Prince Henry。
譯文: 葡萄牙人給了這位促進(jìn)海上旅行的人很多榮譽(yù),此人便是15世紀(jì)的航海家亨利王子。
例句: If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(選自2009年P(guān)art C)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主句we may well believe...中帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句, if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中包含that引導(dǎo)的從句作realizing的賓語(yǔ),短語(yǔ)made headway in...的意思是“在某方面取得進(jìn)展”。
譯文: 每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的最終價(jià)值在于其對(duì)人類(lèi)的獨(dú)特影響,如果人類(lèi)在對(duì)此的認(rèn)識(shí)上已有所進(jìn)展,那么我們也許完全可以相信這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)已在與年輕人打交道的過(guò)程中學(xué)會(huì)了。
(二)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
例句: Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (選自2009年Use of English)
分析: 該句是并列句,在第二個(gè)句子中they?ve apparently learned是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾things。
譯文: 許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí),而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的東西之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。
例句: But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (選自2009年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中短語(yǔ)“in favor of ”的意思是“贊成,支持;有利于”。
譯文: 但在20世紀(jì)初,許多人類(lèi)學(xué)家也反對(duì)文化特殊論,轉(zhuǎn)而支持文化傳播論。
(三)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞
meansseriesspeciessheep
deerfishgrouse(松雞)plaice(鰈魚(yú))
swine(野豬)Vietnamese(越南人)Viennese(維也納人)Japanese
ChinesePortugueseSwisscraft
aircraftspacecrafthovercraft(氣墊船)
例句: The data received from the two spacecraft whirling around Mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干是the data...indicate that..., 其中received...Mars作定語(yǔ)修飾the data;that huge...the planet是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 環(huán)繞火星的兩艘宇宙飛船接收到的數(shù)據(jù)表明, 有充分的證據(jù)表明該行星的赤道附近正下著大暴雨。
例句: Crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33題)
譯文: 許多動(dòng)物物種日漸減少, 用危機(jī)一詞來(lái)描述再恰當(dāng)不過(guò)了。
(四)下列兩類(lèi)名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式, 與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用
表示由兩部分組成的物體名詞,如:
calipers(卡鉗)glasses scales(磅秤)pants
pliers(鉗子)scissors trousers shoes
jeans shorts(短褲)
這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,前有a pair of修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。
例句: I?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?
譯文: 我想把行李過(guò)一下磅,有磅秤嗎?
例句: The girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.
譯文: 姑娘戴著從眼鏡行買(mǎi)來(lái)的太陽(yáng)鏡,而那副舊眼鏡已經(jīng)折斷了。
另外還有: arms goodsclothes
contents headquarters minutes(會(huì)議記錄)
regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意,問(wèn)候)
thanks fireworks(煙火)archives(檔案)
例句: My wages are the principle source of my income.
譯文: 薪金是我收入的主要來(lái)源。
(五)有些名詞雖以s結(jié)尾,卻表示單數(shù)概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
1. 學(xué)科名稱(chēng):
politics linguistics
physics economics
mathematics ethics
electronics informatics
mechanics(力學(xué)) statistics
acoustics(聲學(xué))athletics
phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))
例句: Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (2000年第8題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
譯文: 與從事藥品工業(yè)的人一交談,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自從盤(pán)尼西林被研制出以后,遺傳學(xué)是對(duì)藥品研究最大的沖擊。
2.游戲名稱(chēng),如: checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投鏢游戲)、 billiards(彈子戲)、 cards(紙牌)以及專(zhuān)有名詞,如 Naples(那不勒斯),the United States,the New York Times等,但表示瀑布、山脈、島嶼的以s結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞常表復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: Today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the people of various countries like作定語(yǔ)修飾sports activity。
譯文: 今天,斯諾克臺(tái)球已經(jīng)成為各國(guó)人民普遍喜愛(ài)的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際性的體育活動(dòng)。
例句: Naples is an important seaport of the southwest in Italy.
譯文: 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一個(gè)重要海港。
(六)集體名詞數(shù)的問(wèn)題
1. 有些集體名詞后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:
merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggage
baggage foliage(樹(shù)葉)
例句: Modern machinery has been installed in the company.
譯文: 公司已經(jīng)安裝了現(xiàn)代化的機(jī)械。
例句: This class of merchandise is usually sold on D/P(documents payment) basis.
譯文: 這種商品通常在付款交單的基礎(chǔ)上出售。
2.有些集體名詞后接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:
people police poultry clergy(教士)
vermin(害蟲(chóng))cattle militia(民兵)
例句: These vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.
譯文: 這些害蟲(chóng)對(duì)莊稼有害,應(yīng)該盡快把它們消滅掉。
例句: All the poultry in Hong Kong were destroyed to stop the threat.
譯文: 為了消除威脅,香港屠殺了所有家禽。
3.有些集體名詞,如:
audience boardfamily class couple crew
committeegovernment jury party team public
company
做整體講時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)看做集體的各個(gè)成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: My family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.
譯文: 我家人都喜歡頂碗的游戲,所以很少錯(cuò)過(guò)相關(guān)節(jié)目。
例句: My family is a big one, and so it is called extended family by neighbors.
譯文: 我們家是一個(gè)大家庭,于是鄰居們常稱(chēng)我們家為大家庭。
注: 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體時(shí),集體名詞一般應(yīng)使用單位詞,如:
three heads of cattle 三頭牛
a piece of luggage 一件行李
(七)有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不同,詞義也發(fā)生變化
例如: air(空氣)——airs(樣子,擺架子)
anxiety(焦慮)——anxieties(令人憂慮的事)
brain(大腦)——brains(智力)
custom(風(fēng)俗)——customs(海關(guān))
damage(損壞)——damages(賠償金)
delicacy(微妙)——delicacies(山珍海味)
disorder(混亂)——disorders(小病,病痛)
experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn))——experiences(經(jīng)歷)
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